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Timoteo Almeida, MD, PhD | UPMC Pittsburgh
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Timoteo Almeida, MD, PhD | UPMC Pittsburgh
Bio
Patient Resources
Referring Providers
Medical Education
Contact
🇺🇸 English
🇪🇸 Español
🇧🇷 Português
Bio
Patient Resources
Referring Providers
Medical Education
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← Medical Education Library / Stereotactic & Functional Neurosurgery

Stereotactic & Functional Neurosurgery

Trainee-focused references spanning the modern functional repertoire — neuromodulation, ablation, and focused ultrasound — with attention to the clinical reasoning behind candidate selection and the perioperative decisions that determine whether the right operation produces the right outcome.

Deep Brain Stimulation & Movement Disorders

Planning the Core DBS Targets

STN, GPi, and Vim from starting coordinates to patient-specific anatomy.

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Beyond the Box-and-Arrow: STN vs. GPi DBS

Rethinking the basal ganglia: network physiology and the levodopa paradox in DBS.

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MR-Guided Focused Ultrasound

Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Essential Tremor

Incisionless Vim ablation — the skull density ratio, the sonication ladder, and outcomes versus DBS.

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Focused Ultrasound for Parkinson Disease

Thalamus, pallidum, and the pallidothalamic tract — the targets, trials, and 2025 staged bilateral approval.

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Focused Ultrasound: Emerging Indications & LIFU

Beyond ablation — blood-brain-barrier opening, low-intensity neuromodulation, and the non-thermal frontier.

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Ablative & Lesioning Procedures for Pain

Ablative Neurosurgery for Cancer Pain

Cordotomy, mesencephalotomy, midline myelotomy, and DREZ — matching the lesion to the level and type of pain.

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Percutaneous Procedures for Trigeminal Neuralgia

Radiofrequency, balloon compression, and glycerol — chosen by trigeminal division and patient cooperation.

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Atypical & Neuropathic Facial Pain

Peripheral trigeminal neuromodulation, nucleus caudalis DREZ, and motor cortex or deep brain stimulation.

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Pain: Neuromodulation & Drug Delivery

Spinal Cord Stimulation: Evidence & Indication Review

A trainee framework for PDN, nonsurgical refractory back pain, neuropathy, central pain, trial selection, and safety.

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The Anatomy of a Successful Trial

Spinal cord stimulation: phenotypes, red flags, and why the hardware is the easy part.

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Intrathecal Drug Delivery

Targeted analgesia and intrathecal baclofen — the trial, implant technique, and the withdrawal emergency.

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Perioperative & Safety References

Periprocedural Anticoagulation Reference

ASRA & NACC guidance for neuraxial neuromodulation — agent-by-agent hold and restart intervals in quick-reference table form.

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Antibiotic Prophylaxis & Infection Management

Weight-based prophylaxis, intraoperative adjuncts, MRSA decolonization, and empiric therapy across SCS, DBS, RNS, pumps, and epilepsy surgery.

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Colorful MRI tractography scan mapping the complex white matter neural pathways of the human brain.

Contact

Department of Neurological Surgery
UPMC Presbyterian
200 Lothrop Street
Pittsburgh, PA 15213

☎ 412-647-3685

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Copyright: © 2026 Timoteo Almeida, MD, PhD. All rights reserved.